2015 is the first year of fast charging popularization, and you may have catchy words about OPPO’s "charging for five minutes and talking for two hours". Many manufacturers have also added fast charging technology to their main models. The reason why fast charging technology has been fully popularized is related to the active promotion of mobile chip manufacturers. On the other hand, mobile phones have more and more functions and screens, and the demand for battery life and charging time is increasingly prominent. In addition, under the actual situation that the battery technology has not changed much, fast charging has become a "good prescription" for the curve savior.

　　At present, the mainstream mobile phone fast charging technology mainly has the following four kinds:Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0 technology、MediaTek Pump Express Plus technology、Dezhou instrumentMax Charge fast charging technologyandOPPO VOOC technology.Quick Charge 2.0 is the most common, focusing on flagship mobile phone products.

Mainstream fast charging technology actively promoted by manufacturers

　　After mobile phone manufacturers get these different fast charging technologies, it seems that they are not "exclusive" enough, so they will all change their names, and a PPT page will be reserved for the non-fast charging technology at the press conference. For example, new terms such as BoostMaster technology named by ASUS, flash charging technology named by OPPO R7s, mCharge 2.0 named by XL, fast charging by USB 3.1 named by XL, Turbo Charger named by XL, etc., but in fact, they are similar from the technical source.

　　Let’s not discuss these seemingly unforgettable naming methods for the time being. What is the principle of fast charging technology of mobile phones? How to realize fast charging? What fast charging technologies will be expected in the future? These are the focus of this article.

● Principle of fast charging technology?

　　Returning to a physical formula taught by a PE teacher,P "electric power" = u "voltage" xI "current". At present, there are two methods to improve the charging power, either increasing the voltage or the current, or both the voltage and the current. And only certified terminals and adapters can achieve efficient charging effect.

　　First, the charger steps down the household electricity from 220V to 5V and outputs it to the Micro USB interface of the mobile phone, and then the internal circuit of the mobile phone steps down to about 4.3V to charge the battery. There are two processes to reduce blood pressure.

Demonstration principle of mobile phone charging

Summary of fast charging technology

◆ Qualcomm: Quick Charge 2.0

　　Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0 is a comprehensive battery management technology, which can increase the charging speed by increasing the current and voltage. It supports 5V, 9V and 12V, and the maximum charging current can reach 3A. With the Micro USB connector, Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0 Class A can provide up to 24W of power, and with the Type-C connector, it can provide 36W of power. According to the laboratory data of Qualcomm, Quick Charge 2.0 can fully charge a 3300mAh battery in 96 minutes.

Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0 charges for 30 minutes, and the battery capacity of the mobile phone can reach 50%.

◆MTK’s Pump Express fast charging technology.

　　MTK’s Pump Express fast charging technology can be divided into two types, one with Plus and the other without Plus. The one with Plus can provide 24W(12V) or even higher output power, while the one without Plus can provide 10W(5V) output power.

Fully charge a 2060mAh battery with 75% charge within 30 minutes.

　　Pump Express Plus is a proprietary fast charging technology in MediaTek, which supports high-power chargers with an output of more than 15W, and can shorten the typical charging time of mobile devices by up to 50%. The fast charging technology of Pump Express Plus supports three charging voltages: 5V, 7V and 9V, and the charging current is 1.67A. Theoretically, the fast charging technology of Pump Express Plus can fully charge a 2060mAh battery with 75% power in 30 minutes.

◆TI　MaxCharge

　　The fast charging technology of TI MaxCharge integrates the charger circuit of 5A single lithium ion battery, and supports the input voltage up to 14V when the current reaches 5A. The 9V and 12V voltages of Quick Charge 2.0 in Qualcomm, backwards compatibility, also support 7V, 9V and 12V of Pump Express Plus in MediaTek. Compared with the existing battery charger, this device will reduce the charging time by more than half, and the charging time can be reduced by up to 60%.

TI MaxCharge fast charging technology

◆OPPO　VOOC

　　OPPO VOOC is a low-voltage and high-current charging technology. Compared with the traditional charging speed, it is four times faster. MCU single-chip microcomputer is integrated in the charger and battery circuit to replace the step-down circuit, and the MCU single-chip microcomputer can automatically detect whether the charging equipment supports fast charging. It can charge 75% of the 3000mAh battery in 30 minutes. At present, only OPPO’s own products can use this technology.　

Comparison between OPPO VOOC flash charging interface and ordinary data line

　　In fact, OPPO VOOC flash charging technology adopts low voltage and high current mode, which can ensure the charging speed and reduce the heating of adapter and mobile phone when charging. However, the compatibility of this technology is relatively narrow, and only Find 7 can match it. And later, due to the "slimming" of the charger, the adapter parameter was changed to 5V 4A, which is less obvious than the adapter that can reach 24W in the market.　

　　As for which fast charging technology everyone cares about? There is not much discussion here. However, from the point of familiarity, QC2.0 has a wider coverage, especially the adoption of flagship models of domestic mobile phones is more common. In addition, when you buy a mobile phone, you don’t take whether you have the fast charging technology as the decision criterion. This is a colorful function, and the fast charging technology is constantly developing.

Reference article: which strong MotoXStyle/OPPOR7s is fast charging?

　　　　　6s can only see the Samsung S6 edge+ wireless fast charging experience.

　　　　　Fast charge curve saves the country and Quick Charge enters the 3.0 era.

● Fast charging mythbusters.

◆Question 1: Will fast charging affect the battery life?

　　Due to the heat problem caused by high voltage switching, some mobile phone brands have been castrated by manufacturers although their processors support fast charging technology, largely considering the heat problem of the whole machine. So does fast charging affect battery life? According to a survey, the respondents who think that fast charging will shorten the service life of batteries are the most, accounting for 70.5%.

　　In principle, the damage of the battery basically comes from two aspects: on the one hand, when the battery is charged and discharged, the cathode and anode of the battery will shrink and expand with the release and absorption of ions, and the chemical substances on the battery will be destroyed after long-term fast charging, which will shorten the battery life. On the other hand, during fast charging, due to the high current, the thermal effect of the current will be intensified, which will lead to the high temperature of the battery, which will also cause the capacity to drop sharply and the battery cell to be permanently damaged.

　　Personally speaking, once the current value set by the mobile phone manufacturer is exceeded, the service life of the battery will be reduced. Both normal charging and fast charging will have an impact. After all, the heat generated during fast charging is obvious, and fast charging will be slightly stronger than normal charging, but the impact of such batteries is within a safe and reasonable range.

◆Question 2: Is Type C charging fast or not?

　　Type-C interface has become a selling point of differentiation of mobile phone manufacturers last year. Since LeTV One, LeTV One Pro and LeTV Max, many new domestic machines have used Type-C interface. Including one plus two, Google Nexus 6P, Microsoft and Lumia 950 XL are all following up.

Nexus 6P adopts 5V 3A charging specification.

　　However, you will find that the charging speed of Type-C is not fast, except that the output power is as high as 24W. Many new machines with type-C interface only support ordinary 5V 2A charging, and slightly better 5V2.5A. Although Xiaomi’s first 4C mobile phone with Type-C interface has QC2.0 blessing, the measured input power is about 10W.. Google Nexus 6P uses the charging specification of 5V 3A, which is faster than the input power of QC 2.018W..　

Question 3: Can the fast-charging cable be used casually?　

　　In order to realize fast charging, in addition to the specifications of the charging transformer, it is necessary to support large current and voltage output, and the wires used are not ordinary cheap wires, which can be used for large current and voltage output. Goole engineers have previously warned that many USB-Type C wires are not up to standard, which may easily cause equipment damage.

Fast charging cable has to pass customs clearance.

　　Thus, to support fast charging of mobile devices, not only the processor supports this technology, but also many protective measures and peripheral device upgrades, which will increase many costs and security risks. It is recommended that users can use the original adapter and power cord, which is the best choice.　

● The future development of fast charging?

◆QC3.0 fast charging technology

　　QC3.0 fast charging technology has undoubtedly become a hot spot recently, which can be used together with the latest Snapdragon 820, 620, 618, 617, 430 and other specific Qualcomm Snapdragon processors. butThe fast charging protocol of QC 3.0 allows the charger to increase the step voltage by 200mV instead of 5/9/12V of QC 2.0.. Compared with QC2.0, it improves efficiency and reduces fever. It is expected that many new machines will be equipped with this technology in 2016. It has been confirmed that Xiaomi will soon release the fast charging technology supporting QC3.0 after the Spring Festival.

The latest Qualcomm processors support Quick Charge 3.0.

QC3.0 fast charging will become a popular technology in 2016.

　　It can be predicted that this year, Qualcomm Xiaolong 820 processor is still favored by many flagship products of mobile phones, and the number of new products exposed at present is not too large. In the future, you will definitely see more mobile phones supporting Quick Charge 3.0. Compared with the previous fast charging technology, the charging speed of this technology is faster. It only takes 35 minutes to charge from 0 to 80%, which is twice as fast as the first generation QC fast charging technology. Qualcomm’s technical advantages in the field of fast charging will be further amplified.

USB3.1Type-C interfaceThe future is optimistic

◆Type-C USB3.1 is optimistic in the future.

　　Type-C is the interface type and USB3.1 is the technical standard. Under the USB 3.1 standard, Type-C also supports USB PD(USB Power Delivery), which has improved the power supply capacity compared with the past. The maximum allowable standard introduced by USB-IF(USB Implementers Forum) has been raised to 20V/5A, totaling 100W, which is quite obvious compared with the current mainstream 10W. According to the available power, USB PD has set five specifications of 10W, 18W, 36W, 60W and 100W. At the same time, users can also enjoy the convenience of forward and backward insertion brought by USB type-C.

Summary:

　　Fast charging technology is still a selling point that can’t be ignored in the 2016 mobile phone manufacturer conference. Qualcomm’s flagship mobile phone products will support QC3.0 fast charging technology one after another. Of course, the Type C interface under the USB 3.1 standard is also expected. In fact, in recent years, we can see that there is not much breakthrough in battery technology, but with the rapid charging technology gradually maturing, the method of "quick blood return" can indirectly make up for the continuous demand for battery capacity.

Original discovery of high-quality soft subjects in higher education

"What’s the use of studying this major?"

This question goes hand in hand, plaguing every student who enters the field of liberal arts. The answer to this question, they often can only be speechless, only laugh at themselves "the arts are useless."

On October 8th, official website, University of Science and Technology China, issued the Announcement on the Proposed Cancellation of Six Undergraduate Majors, including English. As soon as the news came out, the topic of "liberal arts" once again rushed to the hot search. Undoubtedly, this put a sword of Damocles on the already war-torn liberal arts students.

Coincidentally, in recent years, Tsinghua University stopped recruiting undergraduate students in journalism and accounting, and then reduced the scale of doctoral students in liberal arts. The weathervanes of these two universities of science and engineering, whose liberal arts have lost weight frequently in recent years, are undoubtedly a "deep-water bomb", which has triggered various speculations about the construction of humanities and social sciences.

Revocation of liberal arts has become a general trend?

"Useless" liberal arts, colleges and universities stop!

A number of liberal arts majors were stopped!

According to official website, the Ministry of Education, liberal arts in China has covered philosophy, economics, law, education, literature, history, management and art, with a total of 8 disciplines. In the first half of this year, the Ministry of Education issued the "Record and Approval Results of Undergraduate Majors in Ordinary Colleges and Universities in 2022", and decided to cancel 925 undergraduate majors, and the number of cancelled majors reached a record high. Among them, the number of cancellations of liberal arts majors such as public utility management, information management and information system, marketing, social work, administrative management, Japanese, education and so on is in the forefront.

The liberal arts were withdrawn and staged repeatedly.

However, these revoked liberal arts majors are not innocent.

In March, the Ministry of Education and other five departments issued the "Reform Plan for Adjustment and Optimization of Discipline and Specialty Settings in General Higher Education" to make arrangements for adjusting and optimizing the discipline and specialty settings in higher education. It is clear that by 2025, about 20% of disciplines and majors in colleges and universities will be optimized and adjusted, and a number of disciplines and majors that adapt to new technologies, new industries, new formats and new models will be established, and disciplines and majors that do not adapt to economic and social development will be eliminated.

As early as 2021, the State Council mentioned this optimization reform in the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Employment Promotion Plan during the 14th Five-Year Plan, demanding that the layout of disciplines and specialties in colleges and universities be optimized, so as to reduce and cancel those specialties that do not meet the market demand in time.

The cancellation of the University of Science and Technology of China is precisely to answer the needs of the times, constantly optimize disciplines and specialties, and strive to create a China paradigm of higher education.

At the same time, a large number of liberal arts institutions can not escape the fate of being cleaned up!

Recently, Three Gorges University issued the Notice on Adjusting and Optimizing University-level Humanities and Social Sciences Research Institutions, and decided to cancel 13 humanities and social sciences research institutions. Prior to this, the trend of cleaning up liberal arts institutions rose frequently in Zhengzhou University, Zhejiang University, Hubei University, Guizhou University, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Yanshan University, Northwest University, university of international business and economics, Guilin University of Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications and other universities.

Colleges and universities take advantage of the opportunity of rectification and clean-up, eliminate the advantages of redundancy and focus, and "shoot" those "zombie" institutions that exist in name only; Give resource support to "potential stocks" and make every effort to build a highland for humanities and social sciences research.

Revoking majors and cleaning up institutions is not only a wake-up call for some "useless liberal arts", but also a powerful response to the need for "revitalization of liberal arts" in the new era. A revolution about liberal arts is getting worse.

Revitalize the liberal arts, colleges and universities make efforts!

New liberal arts, coming!

In November 2020, the Ministry of Education issued the Declaration on the Construction of New Liberal Arts, which made a comprehensive arrangement for the construction of new liberal arts. The declaration emphasizes that liberal arts accounts for two-thirds of the disciplines, accounting for half of the professional categories and the number of students in school. The revitalization of liberal arts education is related to the revitalization of higher education. It is urgent to strengthen liberal arts education, promote the construction of a powerful country in higher education and accelerate the modernization of education.

Source: Shandong University

In this context, many colleges and universities seize the opportunity and stride forward on the road of new liberal arts construction.

Adjust departments and reshape the pattern.

Some are established and some are revoked. In September, Harbin Institute of Technology announced the establishment of a department of humanities and social sciences, making efforts to "new liberal arts", optimizing the layout of disciplines, strengthening the integration of resources, and improving the cross-education model of "literature, arts and literature". In July, another Dalian University of Technology, which is good at science and engineering, announced the abolition of the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, the establishment of the School of Humanities and Public Administration, and the independent establishment of the Institute of Higher Education to help the prosperity and development of philosophy and social sciences.

Source: Dalian University of Technology

From discipline to college. In December 2022, Zhejiang University held the fifth liberal arts conference, announcing the establishment of Zhejiang University’s College of Arts, School of History and School of Philosophy. Previously, the three colleges were only the three major disciplines under the original Zhejiang University School of Humanities.

Withdraw institutions and build departments. In October, 2022, Chongqing University optimized and adjusted its liberal arts institutions, decided to cancel the original literature and culture research center, history research center and philosophy research center, and formally established China Language and Literature Department, History Department and Philosophy Department. In April this year, on the basis of the 10th anniversary of the establishment of Boya College, Chongqing University upgraded and established Boya College, marking a new milestone in the training of basic liberal arts talents in Chongqing University.

Infiltration of arts and sciences, taking advantage of each other’s strengths

New liberal arts, where is the new? The intersection of arts and sciences is the answer.

With the tide of new science and technology and industrial revolution, the boundary between arts and sciences is gradually breaking down, and interdisciplinary integration has gradually become the general trend. More and more colleges and universities integrate new technologies into courses such as philosophy, literature and language to provide students with comprehensive interdisciplinary learning.

Shandong University, as the supporting university of the national new liberal arts education research center, has continuously explored new fields such as financial science and technology, scientific archaeology, social informatics, computational law, etc., and created one liberal arts "Golden Specialist" after another. From the perspective of "digital humanities", Nanjing University has added a digital economy undergraduate major, established a double bachelor’s degree program in computer and financial engineering and a double bachelor’s degree program in German law, becoming the first approved double bachelor’s degree program in Jiangsu Province.

China University of Science and Technology, which cancelled its English major, became a "liberal arts killer" in people’s minds for a time. As everyone knows, as early as May this year, the school held a seminar on the development of science and technology humanities, established the Institute of Advanced Studies in Science and Technology Humanities and the Research Center for Scientific and Technological Innovation in the New Era, and adhered to the characteristic liberal arts development path with the word "science" as the head. This is the most powerful response to the construction of new liberal arts in China University of Science and Technology.

Source: China University of Science and Technology

All lines cross new paths, paving the way for the new liberal arts.

Alliance highland, leading Wenfeng

In the process of building a "new liberal arts", it is also a step of mutual benefit and common progress for major universities to "embrace each other".

In April, 2023, nine creative writing institutions in Peking University, Beijing Normal University, Fudan University, East China Normal University, Nanjing University, Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Tongji University and China Renmin University initiated the establishment of the Creative Writing Alliance of China University, with Professor Peking University Cao Wenxuan as the chairman. The establishment of the alliance has become an important milestone in the history of the development of liberal arts education in China.

Source: Peking University

In fact, in 2020, 17 universities, including China Renmin University, China University of Political Science and Law, Peking University, Tsinghua University, East China University of Political Science and Law, Wuhan University, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, University of International Business and Economics, Jilin University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Nanjing University, Zhejiang University, Xiamen University, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Shandong University, Nankai University and Tianjin University, jointly initiated the establishment of the legal education innovation alliance, which became a "new" university in China.

Alliance has highland, talent has peak. In recent years, the call for the establishment of "liberal arts academicians" is growing. Although the system of "academician of liberal arts" has not been established in China at present, many famous schools have successively implemented the system of senior professors of liberal arts. As the highest honorary title of teachers in Nevenko, the treatment is equal to that of academicians.

Take measures at the same time, the horn of "prospering liberal arts" has already sounded!

So, are liberal arts useless? No, the liberal arts are extremely powerful.

So, did the liberal arts disappear? No, the liberal arts are thriving.

"The elders who seek wood must consolidate their roots; Those who want to flow far away must dig their fountains. " Without the embellishment of humanistic background, the cultivated people will lose some foundation and origin. Culture, value and spirit, which seem to have nothing to do with money, market and income, are actually the foundation of nourishing a person, a nation and a country. This is not only required by the educational mission of universities, but also the significance of China’s adherence to cultural self-confidence.

I hope that the east wind of the construction of "new liberal arts" can help major universities to ride the wind and waves and open up new routes for liberal arts education!

[1] Notice of the Ministry of Education and other five departments on Printing and Distributing the Reform Plan for Adjusting and Optimizing the Specialty Settings of General Higher Education http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A08/S7056/202304/T20230404 _ 1054230.html.

[2] The new liberal arts construction meeting will be held in Shandong University http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb _ xwfb/gzdt _ gzdt/S5987/202011/T20201103 _ 498067.html.

[3] Some thoughts on further promoting the construction of new liberal arts https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GT-LflWDIoapJN0qMVGHiA

[4] Nanjing University: Cross-integration and innovation to promote the reform and innovation of new liberal arts undergraduate talent training https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JjbnFVQ1TikUb69mZ9D95Q

[5] China University of Science and Technology held a seminar on the development of science and technology humanities in https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/rmvzpj6CrsETFUJilFbrDA.

[6] China University Creative Writing Alliance was established at https://news.pku.edu.cn/xwzh/10D786529A934584a8456686DF7F153.htm.

[7] Zhang Tianshu, Zhang Xiaoyue, Cui Xiangjie. The scale, structure and characteristics of the setting and adjustment of liberal arts majors in the new era-based on the analysis of the data of the Ministry of Education from 2013 to 2021 [J]. The theory and practice of new liberal arts, 2023 (02): 110-124+128. DOI: 10.20066/J.

[8] Cross-border joint and customized training, Donghua University School of Excellence Engineers was established! https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hPyGM9ATB5oYxXGLYR0vKg

[9] Strive to make the philosophy and social sciences with China characteristics truly stand in the academic forest of the world —— A summary of the development achievements of philosophy and social sciences in colleges and universities since the 18th CPC National Congress http://www.moe.gov.cn/JYB _ xWFB/S5147/202207/T20220707 _ 644040.html.

Original title: "China University, are liberal arts disappearing? 》

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